30 Referanser
Africa, U. N. S. (2023). UN chief’s message on the 13th IRENA
assembly: “World energy transition the global
stocktake”. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uN8rMb4pzik
Amundsen, B. (2018). Verdens høyeste bølger er i havet utenfor
Norge. https://www.forskning.no/fysikk-havforskning-naturvitenskap/verdens-hoyeste-bolger-er-i-havet-utenfor-norge/278415
Andreassen, H. F. (2024). Når permafrosten tiner. https://cicero.oslo.no/no/artikler/undefined/no/artikler/nar-permafrosten-tiner
Armstrong McKay, D. I., Staal, A., Abrams, J. F., Winkelmann, R.,
Sakschewski, B., Loriani, S., Fetzer, I., Cornell, S. E., Rockström, J.
& Lenton, T. M. (2022). Exceeding 1.5°c global warming could trigger
multiple climate tipping points. Science, 377(6611),
eabn7950. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abn7950
Arrhenius, S. (1896). On the influence of carbonic acid in the air upon
the temperature of the ground. Philosophical Magazine and Journal of
Science, 41, 237–276.
Asbjørnsen, H. (2023). Golfstrømmen vil ikke kollapse, men
situasjonen er likevel alvorlig. https://www.forskersonen.no/global-oppvarming-golfstrommen-klima/golfstrommen-vil-ikke-kollapse-men-situasjonen-er-likevel-alvorlig/2245424
Bailey, S. T., Jones, C. S., Abernathey, R. P., Gordon, A. L. &
Yuan, X. (2023). Water mass transformation variability in the weddell
sea in ocean reanalyses. Ocean Science, 19(2),
381–402. https://doi.org/10.5194/os-19-381-2023
Barthel, K. (2024a). oppvelling. https://snl.no/oppvelling
Barthel, K. (2024b). Havstrøm. Store Norske Leksikon. https://snl.no/havstr%C3%B8m
Benestad, R. E., Lussana, C. & Dobler, A. (2024). Global surface
area receiving daily precipitation, wet-day frequency and probability of
extreme rainfall: Water security and climate change. https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-3198800/v1
Birchall, T., Jochmann, M., Betlem, P., Senger, K., Hodson, A. &
Olaussen, S. (2023). Permafrost trapped natural gas in svalbard, norway.
Frontiers in Earth Science, 11. https://doi.org/10.3389/feart.2023.1277027
Bjerknessenteret for klimaforskning. (2024). Grønland kan ødelegge
17.mai-været for Vestlandet. https://bjerknes.uib.no/artikler/nyheter/gronland-kan-odelegge-17-mai-vaeret-vestlandet
Brondizio, E. S., Settele, J., Díaz, S. & Ngo, H. T. (Eds.). (2019).
Global assessment report on biodiversity and ecosystem services of
the intergovernmental science-policy platform on biodiversity and
ecosystem services. IPBES Secretariat. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3831673
Caesar, L., McCarthy, G. D., Thornalley, D. J. R., Cahill, N. &
Rahmstorf, S. (2021). Current atlantic meridional overturning
circulation weakest in last millennium. Nature Geoscience,
14, 118–120. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41561-021-00699-z
Cattadori, M. (2025). Albedo and ice: Positive feedback in action.
Science in School. https://scienceinschool.org/article/2025/albedo-and-ice-positive-feedback/
Christensen, M. W., Gettelman, A., Cermak, J., Dagan, G., Diamond, M.,
Douglas, A., Feingold, G., Glassmeier, F., Goren, T., Grosvenor, D. P.,
Gryspeerdt, E., Kahn, R., Li, Z., Ma, P.-L., Malavelle, F., McCoy, I.
L., McCoy, D. T., McFarquhar, G., Mülmenstädt, J., … Yuan, T. (2022).
Opportunistic experiments to constrain aerosol effective radiative
forcing. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 22(1),
641–674. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-641-2022
Climate Prediction Center. (2026). CPC - teleconnections: Arctic
oscillation loading pattern - daily geopotential height anomalies.
https://www.cpc.ncep.noaa.gov/products/precip/CWlink/daily_ao_index/hgt.shtml
Cohen, K. M., Finney, S. C., Gibbard, P. L. & Fan, J.-X. (2013). The
ICS international chronostratigraphic chart.
Episodes, 36(3), 199–204. https://doi.org/10.18814/epiiugs/2013/v36i3/002
Dannevig, P. & Harstveit, K. (2025). klima. https://snl.no/klima
Dannevig, P. & Sidselrud, L. F. (2025). tornado. https://snl.no/tornado
Dyrrdal, A. V., Bakke, S. J., Hanssen-Bauer, I., Mayer, S., Nilsen, I.
B., Nilsen, J. E. Ø., Paasche, Ø., Saloranta, T. & Årthun, M.
(2025). Klima i Norge – kunnskapsgrunnlag for
klimatilpasning oppdatert i 2025 (NCCS-Rapport 1/2025). Norsk
klimaservicesenter. https://doi.org/10.60839/4rgq-nn84
EDU-ARCTIC Consortium. (n.d.). Den nordatlantiske svingningen
(NAO). https://polarpedia.eu/nn/12733-2/
Ekte data, Universitetet i Bergen. (2022). Tetthet og
varmekapasitet: Salinitet og temperatur i luft og hav. https://ektedata.uib.no/oppgaver/tetthet-og-varmekapasitet-salinitet-og-temperatur-luft-og-hav/
Encyclopædia Britannica. (2026). Gondwana. Encyclopædia
Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/place/Gondwana-supercontinent
Energidepartementet. (2025). Kraftnettet. Energifakta Norge. https://energifaktanorge.no/norsk-energiforsyning/kraftnett/
Engvold, O. (2025). Sola. https://snl.no/Sola
ESA. (2022). Permafrost thaw: It’s complicated. https://www.esa.int/Applications/Observing_the_Earth/FutureEO/Permafrost_thaw_it_s_complicated
Exeter Design Studio, U. of. (u.å.). 1.2.2.4 permafrost (pages
72–77). https://report-2023.global-tipping-points.org
Farestvedt, H. (2016). Gamle værtegn fleip eller
fakta? https://www.yr.no/artikkel/gamle-vaertegn-_-fleip-eller-fakta_-1.13000427
FizziQ. (2023). Seven experiments to understand the greenhouse
effect. https://www.fizziq.org/en/post/greenhouse-effect-practical-experiences-and-teaching-methods
Foote, E. 1819. (1856). Circumstances affecting the heat of the sun’s
rays. The American Journal of Science and Arts.
Fortum. (2025). Strømåret 2024. https://blogg.fortum.no/stromaret-2024
Geofysisk institutt, UiB. (2019). Bergensskolen i meteorologi.
https://www.uib.no/gfi/56744/bergensskolen-i-meteorologi
Geofysisk institutt, Universitetet i Bergen. (2017). Litt
faghistorikk. https://www.uib.no/gfi/55852/litt-faghistorikk
Gueymard, C. A. (2018). A reevaluation of the solar constant based on a
42-year total solar irradiance time series and a reconciliation of
spaceborne observations. Solar Energy, 168, 2–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solener.2018.04.001
Harstveit, K., Sivle, A. D. & Evans, A. K. D. (2024).
lufttrykk. https://snl.no/lufttrykk
Hill, S. A., Lora, J. M., Khoo, N., Faulk, S. P. & Aurnou, J. M.
(2018). Affordable rotating fluid demonstrations for geoscience
education: The DIYnamics project.
Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society,
99(12), 2529–2538. https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-17-0215.1
Holte, K. R. (2024). Hvorfor får vi mer ekstreme nedbørmengder med
en global oppvarming? https://www.met.no/nyhetsarkiv/hvorfor-far-vi-mer-ekstreme-nedborsmengder-med-en-global-oppvarming
Hoof, T. B. van, Bunnik, F. P. M., Waucomont, J. G. M., Kürschner, W. M.
& Visscher, H. (2006). Forest re-growth on medieval farmland after
the Black Death pandemic – implications for atmospheric
CO2 levels. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology,
Palaeoecology, 237(2-4), 396–411. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2005.12.013
InTeGrate. (2019). Case study: Miocene tectonics, the Gulf
Stream, runaway global cooling and sea level change. SERC,
Carleton College. https://serc.carleton.edu/integrate/teaching_materials/coastlines/student_materials/895
Intergovernmental Panel On Climate Change. (2023). Chapter 11:
Weather and climate extreme events in a changing climate (1st ed.).
Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009157896
Irvine, D. E. (1987). EXTREME WAVES IN THE AGULHAS-a CASE STUDY IN
WAVE-CURRENT INTERACTION. JohIlS Hopkins A PL Technical Digest,
8(1).
IWGIA. (2023). A just energy transition? The impacts of
lithium extraction on the Andean salt flats of
Argentina, Bolivia, and
Chile. https://iwgia.org/en/news/5777-a-just-energy-transition-the-impacts-of-lithium-extraction-on-the-andean-salt-flats-of-argentina,-bolivia,-and-chile.html
Jenssen, E. T. (2020). Permafrost climate change observation system
with local and arctic importance. https://www.unis.no/news/permafrost-climate-change-observation-system-with-local-and-arctic-importance/
Jouzel, J., Masson-Delmotte, V., et al.
(2007). Orbital and millennial Antarctic climate
variability over the past 800,000 years. Science,
317(5839), 793–797. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1141038
Kasajima, Y. & Johannessen, T. (2009). Role of cabbeling in water
densification in the greenland basin. Ocean Science,
5(3), 247–257. https://doi.org/10.5194/os-5-247-2009
Kious, W. J. & Tilling, R. I. (1996). This dynamic earth: The
story of plate tectonics. U.S. Geological Survey. https://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/dynamic/dynamic.html
Konstali, K., Spengler, T., Spensberger, C. & Sorteberg, A. (2025).
Atmospheric fronts drive future changes in extratropical extreme
precipitation. Geophysical Research Letters, 52(11),
e2025GL116032. https://doi.org/10.1029/2025GL116032
Kristjánsson, J. E. & Alterskjær, K. (2016). Vil skyene forsterke
eller dempe global oppvarming? Naturen, 140(1), 48–52.
https://doi.org/10.18261/issn.1504-3118-2016-01-08
Kvamstø, N. G. & Sorteberg, A. (2021). Drivhuseffekten. https://bjerknes.uib.no/artikler/fns-klimapanel/drivhuseffekten
Læreplan i geofag (GFG01-03). (2024). Utdanningsdirektoratet.
https://www.udir.no/lk20/gfg01-03
Lee, H. (2020). How Earth’s climate
changes naturally (and why things are different now). Quanta
Magazine. https://www.quantamagazine.org/how-earths-climate-changes-naturally-and-why-things-are-different-now-20200721/
Libbrecht, K. G. (2006). Guide to snowflakes -
SnowCrystals.com. https://www.snowcrystals.com/guide/guide.html
Lien, V. & Jakobsen, A. (2022). Så sterke er verdens
havstrømmer. https://www.hi.no/hi/nyheter/2022/april/sa-sterke-er-verdens-havstrommer
Lisiecki, L. E. & Raymo, M. E. (2005). A
Pliocene-Pleistocene stack of 57 globally distributed
benthic δ18O records. Paleoceanography, 20(1), PA1003.
https://doi.org/10.1029/2004PA001071
Mackin, K. J., Cook-Smith, N., Illari, L., Marshall, J. & Sadler, P.
(2012). The effectiveness of rotating tank experiments in teaching
undergraduate courses in atmospheres, oceans, and climate sciences.
Journal of Geoscience Education, 60(1), 67–82. https://doi.org/10.5408/10-194.1
Mæland, R. B. & Havforskningsinstituttet. (2021). Hetebølger i
havet skjer oftere og er heftigere enn før. https://www.forskning.no/hav-og-fiske-havet-havforskning/hetebolger-i-havet-skjer-oftere-og-er-heftigere-enn-for/1947711
Mamidala, A., Mamidala, A. & Prapurna, P. V. N. (2020). Evolution of
permafrost: An impact on the socio-economic conditions. SSRN
Electronic Journal. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3710514
McInerney, F. A. & Wing, S. L. (2011). The Paleocene-Eocene
Thermal Maximum: A perturbation of carbon cycle, climate, and
biosphere with implications for the future. Annual Review of Earth
and Planetary Sciences, 39, 489–516. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-earth-040610-133431
Meredith, M., Sommerkorn, M., Cassotta, S., Derksen, C., Ekaykin, A.,
Hollowed, A., Kofinas, G., Mackintosh, A., Melbourne-Thomas, J.,
Muelbert, M., Ottersen, G., Pritchard, H. & A. G., S. (2019).
Chapter 3: Polar regions. IPCC special report on the ocean and
cryosphere in a changing climate.
Meteorologisk institutt. (2021). Derfor blir værvarselet aldri
perfekt. https://www.met.no/nyhetsarkiv/derfor-blir-vaervarselet-aldri-perfekt
Meteorologisk institutt. (2023). Diana. https://bistand.met.no/nb/diana
Meteorologisk institutt. (u.å.). Permafrost real-time
monitoring. https://cryo.met.no/en/permafrost
Miles, M. W., Andresen, C. S. & Dylmer, C. V. (2020). Evidence for
extreme export of arctic sea ice leading the abrupt onset of the little
ice age. Science Advances, 6(38), eaba4320. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aba4320
Miljødirektoratet. (2023). Ozonlaget. https://miljostatus.miljodirektoratet.no/tema/klima/ozonlaget/
Miller, G. H., Geirsdóttir, Á., Zhong, Y., Larsen, D. J., Otto-Bliesner,
B. L., Holland, M. M., Bailey, D. A., Refsnider, K. A., Lehman, S. J.,
Southon, J. R., Anderson, C., Björnsson, H. & Thordarson, T. (2012).
Abrupt onset of the little ice age triggered by volcanism and sustained
by sea-ice/ocean feedbacks. Geophysical Research Letters,
39(2). https://doi.org/10.1029/2011GL050168
Mongabay. (2024). As lithium mining bleeds Atacama salt
flat dry, Indigenous communities hit back. https://news.mongabay.com/2024/12/as-lithium-mining-bleeds-atacama-salt-flat-dry-indigenous-communities-hit-back/
Montel. (2025). What factors influence norway’s NO1–NO5 hydropower
prices? https://montel.energy/resources/blog/what-factors-influence-norways-no1-no5-hydropower-prices
Müller, R. (2022). Ild og is, en kort innføring i klimaets
historie. Aschehoug forlag.
NASA. (2024). What is the Sun’s role in
climate change? NASA Science. https://science.nasa.gov/earth/climate-change/what-is-the-suns-role-in-climate-change/
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. (u.å.). Marine
heatwaves : NOAA physical sciences laboratory. https://psl.noaa.gov/marine-heatwaves/
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). (2019). The
science behind the polar vortex: You might want to put on a sweater
|. https://www.noaa.gov/multimedia/infographic/science-behind-polar-vortex-you-might-want-to-put-on-sweater
Nesje, A., Dahl, S. O., Thun, T. & Nordli, Ø. (2008). The
‘little ice age’ glacial expansion in western
scandinavia: Summer temperature or winter precipitation? Climate
Dynamics, 30(7-8), 789–801. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-007-0324-z
Nilsen, Jan Even Øie, Ravndal, Oda Roaldsdotter & Breili, K. (2017).
Stormflo kan bli vanlig. https://bjerknes.uib.no/artikler/nyheter/stormflo-kan-bli-vanlig
Noer, G. (2023). polart lavtrykk. https://snl.no/polart_lavtrykk
Norges Vassdrags- og energidirektorat. (2020). Snøomvandling
(page 7). https://publikasjoner.nve.no/faktaark/2020/faktaark2020_01.pdf
Norges vassdrags- og energidirektorat. (2026). Vannkraft. https://www.nve.no/energi/energisystem/vannkraft/
Norsk klimastiftelse. (2019). Drivhuseffekten og
karbonsyklusen. https://klimastiftelsen.no/to-grader/klimaendringer/drivhuseffekten-og-karbonsyklusen
Norsk Kystvarslingssenter / Norwegian Coastal Forecasting Centre.
(n.d.). 02 bolgeskolen. https://www.kystvarslingssenteret.no/bolgeskolen/
NRK. (2022). Slik bestemmes strømprisen på kraftbørsen nord
pool. https://www.nrk.no/norge/slik-bestemmes-stromprisen-pa-kraftborsen-nord-pool-1.16102384
Nyléhn, J. (2023). C4-planter. Store norske leksikon. https://snl.no/C4-planter
Ochs, A. (2025). Scientists use robot to observe strange ocean
phenomenon: ’Would have been nearly impossible with conventional
methods’. https://www.thecooldown.com/outdoors/cabbeling-greenland-sea-ocean-climate-research/
Olesen, O., Brönner, M., Ebbing, J., Gellein, J., Koziel, J., Lauritsen,
T., Myklebust, R., Pascal, C., Sand, M., Solheim, D. & Usov, S.
(2010). New aeromagnetic and gravity compilations from norway and
adjacent areas: Methods and applications. Geological Society London
Petroleum Geology Conference Series, 7. https://doi.org/10.1144/0070559
Oppenheimer, M., Glavovic, B. C., Hinkel, J., Wal, R. van de, Magnan, A.
K., Abd-Elgawad, A., Cai, R., Cifuentes-Jara, M., DeConto, R. M., Ghosh,
T., Hay, J., Isla, F., Marzeion, B., Meyssignac, B. & Sebesvari, Z.
(2022). Sea level rise and implications for low-lying islands, coasts
and communities. In H.-O. Pörtner, D. C. Roberts, V. Masson-Delmotte, P.
Zhai, M. Tignor, E. Poloczanska, K. Mintenbeck, A. Alegría, M. Nicolai,
A. Okem, J. Petzold, B. Rama & N. M. Weyer (Eds.), IPCC special
report on the ocean and cryosphere in a changing climate (pages
321–445). Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009157964.006
Ørmen, T. (2025). Homo sapiens. https://snl.no/Homo_sapiens
Orr, J. C., Fabry, V. J., Aumont, O., Bopp, L., Doney, S. C., Feely, R.
A., Gnanadesikan, A., Gruber, N., Ishida, A., Joos, F., Key, R. M.,
Lindsay, K., Maier-Reimer, E., Matear, R., Monfray, P., Mouchet, A.,
Najjar, R. G., Plattner, G.-K., Rodgers, K. B., … Yool, A. (2005).
Anthropogenic ocean acidification over the twenty-first century and its
impact on calcifying organisms. Nature, 437, 681–686.
https://doi.org/10.1038/nature04095
P. Bhandari, M. (Ed.). (2018). Climate change science: A historical
outline. Advances in Agriculture and Environmental Science: Open
Access (AAEOA), 1(1), 5–12. https://doi.org/10.30881/aaeoa.00002
Peterson, D. A., Campbell, J. R., Hyer, E. J., Fromm, M. D., Kablick, G.
P., Cossuth, J. H. & DeLand, M. T. (2018). Wildfire-driven
thunderstorms cause a volcano-like stratospheric injection of smoke.
Npj Climate and Atmospheric Science, 1(1), 30.
https://doi.org/
Pilskog, I. (2019). Årsaker til klimaendringer.
Bjerknessenteret for klimaforskning. https://bjerknes.uib.no/artikler/faktasider/arsaker-til-klimaendringer
Pörtner, H.-O., Roberts, D. C., Tignor, M., Poloczanska, E. S.,
Mintenbeck, K., Alegría, A., Craig, M., Langsdorf, S., Löschke, S.,
Möller, V., Okem, A. & Rama, B. (Eds.). (2022). Climate change
2022: Impacts, adaptation and vulnerability. Contribution of working
group II to the sixth assessment report of the intergovernmental panel
on climate change. Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009325844
Rahmstorf, S. (2006). Thermohaline circulation - fact sheet. https://www.pik-potsdam.de/~stefan/thc_fact_sheet.html
Ribeiro, C. I. & Ahlgren, O. (2021). An ocean in the school lab:
Rising sea levels. Science in School, (55). https://scienceinschool.org/article/2021/ocean-school-lab-rising-sea-levels/
Riebeek, H. (2011). The carbon cycle. NASA Earth Observatory.
https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/features/CarbonCycle
Rohde, R. A. (2025). Sunspot numbers. Wikimedia Commons /
Berkeley Earth. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Sunspot_Numbers.png
Rohli, R. V. & Li, C. (2021). The seven basic equations in
weather forecasting models (pages 171–185). Springer International
Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-73093-2_18
Røthe, T. O. (2024). gjel. https://snl.no/gjel
Royal Society of Chemistry Education. (2015). Modelling the
greenhouse effect. https://edu.rsc.org/experiments/modelling-the-greenhouse-effect/1543.article
Ruhl, M., Bonis, N. R., Reichart, G.-J., Damsté, J. S. S. &
Kürschner, W. M. (2011). Atmospheric carbon injection linked to
end-triassic mass extinction. Science, 333(6041),
430–434. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1204255
Russel, Ruby & DW. (2018). Is climate change fueling extreme
weather? https://www.dw.com/en/climate-change-and-extreme-weather-science-is-proving-the-link/a-43323706
Schmidt, G. A., Ruedy, R. A., Miller, R. L. & Lacis, A. A. (2010).
Attribution of the present-day total greenhouse effect. Journal of
Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 115(D20). https://doi.org/10.1029/2010JD014287
Schuur, E. A. G., Hicks Pries, C., Mauritz, M., Pegoraro, E.,
Rodenhizer, H., See, C. & Ebert, C. (2023). Ecosystem and soil
respiration radiocarbon detects old carbon release as a fingerprint of
warming and permafrost destabilization with climate change.
Philosophical Transactions. Series A, Mathematical, Physical, and
Engineering Sciences, 381(2261), 20220201. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2022.0201
Senter for klimadynamikk, Universitetet i Bergen. (2023).
Øvingsmodeller innen klima.
Seter, K. & Sivle, A. D. (2025). Beauforts vindskala. https://snl.no/Beauforts_vindskala
Setså, R. (2022). Endringer på alle skalaer del
3. https://geoforskning.no/endringer-pa-alle-skalaer-del-3/
Sidselrud, L. F. & Aspenes, T. (2020). værsatellitt. https://snl.no/v%C3%A6rsatellitt
Sivle, A. D. & Tsoporidis, L. (2022). Atmosfæriske elver.
https://snl.no/atmosf%C3%A6riske_elver
Skeie, R. B. (2018). Drivhuseffekten for viderekomne. https://cicero.oslo.no/no/artikler/drivhuseffekten-for-viderekomne
Snow, N. & Center, I. D. (2024). Science of frozen ground.
https://nsidc.org/learn/parts-cryosphere/frozen-ground-permafrost/science-frozen-ground
Snow, N. & Ice Data Center. (n.d.). Sea ice. https://nsidc.org/home
Statistisk sentralbyrå. (2025). Elektrisitet – produksjon, import og
eksport. https://www.ssb.no/energi-og-industri/energi/statistikk/elektrisitet
Statnett. (2021). Derfor har vi budområder. https://www.statnett.no/om-statnett/forsta-strom-og-kraftsituasjonen/Derfor-har-vi-budomroder/
Statnett. (2025a). Kraftmarkedsåret 2024. https://www.statnett.no/globalassets/for-aktorer-i-kraftsystemet/planer-og-analyser/kraftmarkedsaret/kraftmarkedsaret-2024.pdf
Statnett. (2025b). Mellomlandsforbindelser. https://www.statnett.no/om-statnett/forsta-strom-og-kraftsituasjonen/mellomlandsforbindelser/
Statnett. (2025c). Slik fungerer kraftsystemet. https://www.statnett.no/om-statnett/forsta-strom-og-kraftsituasjonen/slik-fungerer-kraftsystemet/
Store norske leksikon. (2023). radiosonde. https://snl.no/radiosonde
Store norske leksikon. (2024a). Bergensskolen – i meteorologi.
https://snl.no/Bergensskolen_-_i_meteorologi
Store norske leksikon. (2024b). Kraftutveksling med utlandet.
https://snl.no/kraftutveksling_med_utlandet
Stull, R. (2017). Practical Meteorology: An Algebra-based Survey of
Atmospheric Science (1.02b). University of British Columbia. https://www.eoas.ubc.ca/books/Practical_Meteorology/
Talley, L. D. & Yun, J.-Y. (2001). The role of cabbeling and double
diffusion in setting the density of the north pacific intermediate water
salinity minimum. Journal of Physical Oceanography,
31(6), 1538–1549. https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0485(2001)031<1538:TROCAD>2.0.CO;2
Tjoflot, G. K. (2020). Permafrosten i Arktis kan tine raskere enn vi
har trodd. https://www.forskning.no/geofag-klima-partner/permafrosten-i-arktis-kan-tine-raskere-enn-vi-har-trodd/1681730
Trenberth, K., Zhang, R. & National Center for Atmospheric Research
Staff. (2024). The Climate Data
Guide: Atlantic Multi-decadal Oscillation
(AMO) and Atlantic Multidecadal
Variability (AMV). NCAR / UCAR. https://climatedataguide.ucar.edu/climate-data/atlantic-multi-decadal-oscillation-amo
UCAR Center for Science Education. (2023). Modeling storm
surge. https://scied.ucar.edu/activity/modeling-storm-surge
UNEP. (2019). Frontiers 2018/19 emerging issues of environmental
concern.
University of Reading. (2012). Storms: Extratropical cyclone
atlas. http://www.met.rdg.ac.uk/~storms/method/
Van den Ende, C., White, L. T. & Welzen, P. C. van. (2016). The
existence and break-up of the Antarctic land bridge as
indicated by both amphi-Pacific distributions and
tectonics. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1342937X16302829
Varsom.no & NVE. (u.å.). Snøskredskolen. https://www.varsom.no/snoskred/snoskredskolen/
Venn, C. (2012). Thermohaline circulation demonstration. https://serc.carleton.edu/NAGTWorkshops/oceanography/activities/72844.html
Viste, E. (2025). Derfor blir det ekstreme regnværet enda mer
ekstremt nå. https://www.forskning.no/klimaendringer-meteorologi-miljo/derfor-blir-det-ekstreme-regnvaeret-enda-mer-ekstremt-na/2543570
Wang, S., Foster, A., Lenz, E. A., Kessler, J. D., Stroeve, J. C.,
Anderson, L. O., Turetsky, M., Betts, R., Zou, S., Liu, W., Boos, W. R.
& Hausfather, Z. (2023). Mechanisms and impacts of earth system
tipping elements. Reviews of Geophysics, 61(1),
e2021RG000757. https://doi.org/10.1029/2021RG000757
Ward, P. (2001). A geological timeline of
Antarctica. Cool Antarctica. https://www.coolantarctica.com/Antarctica%20fact%20file/History/history_of_the_land_geological-timeline_of_antarctica.php
Webb, P. (2023). Introduction to oceanography. https://rwu.pressbooks.pub/webboceanography/
Wikipedia-brukere. (2023). Absorption band. https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Absorption_band&oldid=1191899237
Zhang, R., Sutton, R., Danabasoglu, G., Kwon, Y.-O., Marsh, R., Yeager,
S. G., Amrhein, D. E. & Little, C. M. (2019). A review of the role
of the Atlantic Meridional
Overturning Circulation in
Atlantic Multidecadal Variability
and associated climate impacts. Reviews of Geophysics,
57(2), 316–375. https://doi.org/10.1029/2019RG000644